![]() Natural land cover loss and ultimate decline in environmental functionality and connectivity in KwaZulu-Natal (2018) suggests that avian functional diversity, especially of species with specialised functional traits, increases at patches > 90 ha.Īnthropogenic land transformation, especially agriculture and urban development, are the leading causes of Additionally, research on subtropical (indigenous forest and coastal thicket/dense bush) patch size by Ehlers Smith et al. Extensive research has shown that improving and increasing natural habitats within urban settings increases and improves species and functional diversity and persistence, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal (Sandström et al., 2006 Sorace and Visentin, 2007 Van Heezik et al., 2008 Colding and Folke, 2009 Rollinson et al., 2014 Anderson et al., 2014 Pakar et al., 2014 Schütz and Schulze, 2015 Singh and Downs, 2016a,b Downs, 2016, 2018 McPherson et al., 2016aMcPherson et al.,, b, 2019Patterson et al., 2016Patterson et al.,, 2017Patterson et al.,, 2018Patterson et al.,, 2019Chibesa et al., 2017 Maseko et al., 2019Maseko et al.,, 2020Zungu et al., 2019Zungu et al.,, 2020aDowns et al., 2021). This is to the equal benefit of biodiversity and human health and wealth through the perpetuation of ecosystem services at relatively large (> 300 ha) sites incorporating existing natural, rehabilitated natural, and introduced natural land cover, mainly in the forms of indigenous forest, coastal thicket/dense bush, grassland, and water bodies. ![]() Services, like pollination and natural pest control, providing an opportunity for joint collaboration among conservation, Golf courses represent a promising measure for restoring and enhancing biodiversity in ecologically simplified landscapes.įurthermore, the review suggests that golf courses hold a real potential to be designed and managed to promote critical ecosystem From an ecosystem management perspective, With land that has high levels of anthropogenic impact, like agricultural and urban lands. Conversely, the value of golf courses significantly increases ![]() Of anthropogenic impact, like natural and nature-protected areas. ![]() ![]() More broadly, we found that the ecological value of golf courses significantly decreases with land types having low levels Many golf courses also contribute to the preservation of fauna of conservation concern. This pattern was consistent also for comparisonsīased on measures of species richness, as well as for comparisons of overall measures of birds and insects-the fauna groups We found that golf courses had higher ecological value in 64% of comparative cases. That have measured and compared biota on golf courses to that of biota in green-area habitats related to other land uses. We assessed the ecological value of golf courses based on a quantitative synthesis of studies in the scientific literature ![]()
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